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Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
The Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians (LTBBOI) is a federally recognized Native American tribe of Odawa Indians. A large percentage of the more than 4000 tribal members continue to reside within the tribe's traditional homelands on the northwestern shores of the state of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. The historically delineated reservation area, located at , encompasses approximately of land in Charlevoix and Emmet counties. The largest communities within the reservation boundaries are Harbor Springs, where the tribal offices are located, Petoskey, where the Tribe operates the Odawa Casino Resort, and Charlevoix.
==History==
The name Odawa, or Ottawa, allegedly derives either from the Anishnaabe term "trader" or a truncated version of an Odawa phrase meaning "people of the bulrush". Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa tribal members are descendants of, and political successors to, the Ottawa of L'abre Croche who were signatory parties to the Treaty of Washington and one of the three 1855 Treaties of Detroit. The treaties ratified the cession of approximately 37% of Michigan's current land area in exchange for money, reservations, and other benefits. Many of the provisions the federal government promised did not materialize, so the tribes began to organize to sue the federal government to recover negotiated-for entitlements.
Three main groups organized political efforts in order to make the federal government aware of its treaty obligations to the Odawa. They were the Michigan Indian Defense Association, the Michigan Indian Foundation, and the Northern Michigan Ottawa Association (NMOA). Prior to 1982, the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa was known as the NMOA, Unit 1. The latter of these groups began to file for fishing rights, but the federal courts refused to recognize NMOA Unit 1 as a tribe because they were an organization.
In 1982, the tribe reorganized and took the name Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, but a federal court denied the tribe its rights because it was not federally recognized. The tribe began to pursue legislative reaffirmation on the basis of treaty relations with the federal government. On September 21, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed into law Senate Bill 1357 that reaffirmed the United States' political relationship with the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians (along with the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians).〔(Senate Bill 1357 )〕〔Cramer, Renee Ann (2005). ''Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledgment'', p. 44. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3671-5.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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